Electromagnetic-wave oscillator

ABSTRACT

An electromagnetic-wave oscillator includes a substrate, an EMW oscillating unit including a gain portion, an EMW resonance portion, an EMW radiating portion, and a ground (GND) portion, and a supplying unit for supplying electric power to the EMW oscillating unit. The ground portion regulates a predetermined reference electric potential for the gain portion, the EMW resonance portion, and the EMW radiating portion. The EMW oscillating unit is disposed on a first surface of the substrate. The supplying unit is disposed on a second surface of the substrate extending on an opposite side to the first surface. The EMW oscillating unit and the supplying unit are electrically connected via a penetrating electrode formed in the substrate.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an electromagnetic-wave (EMW) oscillator. Particularly, the present invention relates to an EMW oscillator for emitting an electromagnetic wave at a frequency or frequencies including at least a portion of a frequency range from 30 GHz to 30 THz. The electromagnetic wave including at least a component in the above frequency range is called a terahertz (THz) wave in this specification.

2. Description of the Related Background Art

In recent years, techniques using a THz wave in communications field, security field, medical field, and so forth have been energetically researched and developed. The THz wave has characteristics of penetrating and straightly propagating through a substance. It is, therefore, possible to obtain inner information of a substance at high resolution by using a THz wave reflected by, or transmitted through the substance. Accordingly, various non-destructive or non-invasive inspection techniques have been researched and developed.

Some examples of these inspection techniques include a technique for securely performing a seeing-through or perspective imaging of a substance using a THz wave in place of X-rays, a spectroscopic technique for inspecting the bonding condition of a molecule by obtaining the absorption spectrum and the complex dielectric constant of a substance, a technique for estimating the carrier density and the mobility of a superconductive material, a technique for analyzing a bio-molecule, such as DNA and proteins, etc.

The development of a THz-wave source is indispensable to put the above techniques into a practical use. To date, there have been developed THz-wave generating techniques using laser apparatuses, such as a photoconductive device capable of being excited by a femtosecond (fsec) laser light, and a THz-wave parametric oscillator using a non-linear optical crystal. Further, there have also been developed THz-wave generating techniques using a small-sized electron vacuum tube, such as a backward-wave oscillator (BWO) and a gyrotron, and a large-sized electron beam accelerator, such as a free electron laser. According to those techniques, the oscillating frequency is changeable, and the output power is large, so that those techniques are highly effective in particular uses, such as the identification of fingerprint spectra of various substances. However, in those techniques, the size of an apparatus increases, and hence its general or industrial use is restricted.

The following oscillators have been developed as a small-sized radiation source. For example, some oscillators are constructed by combining active elements using the negative resistance generated by the movement or transition of electrons in a semiconductor due to injection of a current thereinto, such as a Gunn diode and a resonance tunnel diode (RTD), with a variety of antennas (or resonance structures) In this way, a small-sized oscillator with a single oscillation frequency can be realized, though its output is low (especially low in an oscillator for emitting a THz wave). Therefore, such oscillators are expected to be applied to various uses. Conventional examples of such a small-sized oscillator will be described in the following.

“APL, Vol. 58 (20), p. 2291, 1991” discloses a small-sized oscillator constructed by the combination of an active element of a double barrier RTD with AlSb barrier layers (1.5 nm in thickness) and InAs quantum well layers (6.4 nm in thickness) grown by a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and a square (300 microns*150 microns) waveguide serving as a resonance structure. According to this referenced paper, oscillation at a frequency of 712 GHz is achieved by a single device, and its output is 0.3 microwatt.

Further, “IEEE, Transactions on microwave theory and techniques, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1994” discloses a planar integrated Gunn diode array constructed by the combination of an active element of a GaAs Gunn diode, and a microstrip line (MSL) patch antenna serving as a resonance structure.

FIG. 7 illustrates this planar integrated Gunn diode array. According to this referenced paper, it is possible to collectively fabricate the active element (negative resistance element), the resonance structure (antenna), and a DC (direct current) supplying portion (circuit and electrode for performing the DC supply to the active element) on a substrate, using a conventional semiconductor process. Accordingly, decrease in a size of the oscillator, increase in an output by arraying the structures, and improvement in oscillation characteristics are expected. According to this referenced paper, oscillation at 12.423 GHz is achieved in a Gunn diode of a 4*1 linear array type (illustrated in FIG. 7), and oscillation at 12.395 GHz is achieved in a Gunn diode of a 2*2 loop array type.

Furthermore, “Preliminary Papers at the 53rd JSAP (Japan Society of Applied Physics)-related lecture, 2006 spring, No. 3, 23p-M-2” suggests as follows. As a method for overcoming the problem of a low output power in a range of the THz wave, it is expected that the output power of an oscillator in a range of 330 GHz can be increased by mutually synchronizing current injections into densely arrayed oscillating elements.

In conventional THz-wave oscillators of the planar integrated type, it is necessary to arrange a DC supplying portion including elements, such as a circuit, an extraction electrode, and a bonding wire, on a substrate, in addition to an EMW radiating portion including elements, such as a negative resistance element, an antenna, an EMW resonance portion. The size of the DC supplying portion is in the order of approximately 1 mm². It is therefore likely that the DC supplying portion occupies a considerable space, and the flexibility of design of the EMW radiating portion on the substrate is reduced. Further, the DC supplying portion and the EMW radiating portion are disposed on the same substrate, so a THz wave emitted from the radiating portion is likely to interfere with the DC supplying portion. Also in this respect, the flexibility of design tends to be restricted. As a result, it is not easy to densely array THz-wave oscillators of the planar integrated type.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an electromagnetic-wave oscillator capable of addressing the above problems.

According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electromagnetic-wave oscillator, which includes a substrate, an EMW oscillating unit including a gain portion, an EMW resonance portion, an EMW radiating portion, and a ground (GND) portion, and a supplying unit for supplying electric power to the EMW oscillating unit. The ground portion regulates a predetermined reference electric potential for the gain portion, the EMW resonance portion, and the EMW radiating portion. The EMW oscillating unit is disposed on a first surface of the substrate. The supplying unit is disposed on a second surface of the substrate extending on an opposite side to the first surface. The EMW oscillating unit and the supplying unit are electrically connected via a penetrating electrode formed in the substrate.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the EMW oscillating unit and the supplying unit are disposed on mutually opposite surfaces of the substrate, respectively, and the penetrating electrode is formed in the substrate to connect the EMW oscillating unit and the supplying unit. Accordingly, the flexibility of design of the EMW oscillating unit on the substrate is increased, and the possibility of interference between an electromagnetic wave radiated from the EMW radiating portion and the supplying unit is reduced.

Further, it becomes easy to dispose a curved lens plate, such as a semi-spherical lens plate, on the surface of the substrate. In this structure, it is possible to couple an electromagnetic wave radiated from the oscillator to the lens plate, and appropriately shape a beam of the electromagnetic wave. Thus, the electromagnetic wave can be efficiently transmitted from the oscillator.

The features of the present invention will be more readily understood in connection with the following detailed description of embodiments and examples of the invention in connection with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a first embodiment of an EMW oscillator according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3A is a plan view illustrating an upper plane of an array of oscillators of the first embodiment.

FIG. 3B is a plan view illustrating a lower plane of the array of oscillators of the first embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a second embodiment of an EMW oscillator according to the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a third embodiment of an EMW oscillator with a layered lens plate according to the present invention.

FIG. 6A is a plan view illustrating the third embodiment of an oscillator of a first type including arrayed EMW oscillating elements with layered lens plates.

FIG. 6B is a plan view illustrating the third embodiment of an oscillator of a second type including arrayed EMW oscillating elements with a layered lens plate.

FIG. 7 is a plan view illustrating a conventional oscillator including arrayed EMW oscillating elements.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of an EMW oscillator of the present invention will hereinafter be described with reference to the drawings.

A first embodiment of a THz-wave oscillator of the planar integrated type will be described. FIG. 1 is a plan view of the first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ of FIG. 1. An installation substrate 122 and electric wires 118 and 121, which are depicted in FIG. 2, are omitted in FIG. 1. FIGS. 3A and 3B are upper and lower plan views illustrating an array of oscillators illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.

As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, an oscillator 100 of this embodiment includes an EMW oscillating unit 194 disposed on an upper surface of a substrate 112, and a DC supplying unit 198, which is disposed on a lower surface of the substrate 112, for supplying DC electric power to the EMW oscillating unit 194. The EMW oscillating unit 194 and the supplying unit 198 are electrically connected via a penetrating electrode 102 formed in the substrate 112. The EMW oscillating unit 194 includes a resonance tunnel diode (RTD) 101, a penetrating electrode 102 a, a resonator 103 of a microstrip line type (MSL resonator 103), an antenna 104, a dielectric portion 107, and a GND layer 106. The MSL resonator 103, the antenna 104, and the GND layer 106 constitute a resonance structure.

The GND layer 106 is a ground portion for regulating a predetermined reference electric potential for the RTD 101 that is a gain portion, the MSL resonator 103 that is an EMW resonance portion, and the antenna 104 that is an EMW radiating portion. The MSL resonator 103 includes a phase stub 105, a first microstrip line (MSL) 109 a, and a second MSL 109 b. The substrate 112 includes penetrating electrode portions 102 b, 102 c, 102 d and 102 e formed therein, a GND penetrating electrode 110, and a shield 113. The shield 113 is provided extending in a planar direction of the substrate 112, and a potential of the shield 113 is set to a predetermined ground electric potential. The DC supplying portion 198 includes a lower DC signal line 190 and a lower DC electrode pad 117.

DC solder ball 114, DC electric wires 119 a, 119 b and 119 c, DC bonding wire 118, GND solder ball 120, GND electric wire 115, and GND bonding wire 121 are disposed on an installation substrate 122 provided under the substrate 112.

More specifically, elements for oscillating an electromagnetic wave are disposed on the upper surface of the substrate 112 in the oscillator 100, while elements for supplying DC signal and ground signal required for the EMW oscillation are disposed on the lower surface of the substrate 112. The penetrating electrode 102 for connecting those elements on the upper and lower surfaces of the substrate 112 is provided in the substrate 112. The penetrating electrode 102 includes plural portions 102 a through 102 e. Members for electrically connecting the oscillator 100 to external apparatuses including a DC electric power source are arranged on the installation substrate 122.

Features and operation of the oscillator 100 of the first embodiment will be described. When the DC signal is supplied to the RTD 101, induced emission of an electromagnetic wave occurs in the RTD 101. The wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is an approximately single oscillation wavelength λ (λ: the wavelength in vacuum) is a range of the THz wave, that is acquired due to the negative resistance of the RTD 101. The emitted electromagnetic wave is an electromagnetic wave with an effective wavelength λ_(g) (λ_(g): the wavelength in the dielectric portion 107) in the dielectric portion 107, and propagates in an MSL patch antenna 199. The MSL patch antenna 199 includes the MSL resonator 103, the antenna 104, the GND portion 111, the dielectric portion 107, the RTD 101, and the like. The propagating electromagnetic wave resonates as a standing wave, and is amplified in the MSL patch antenna 199.

Under some conditions, an electromagnetic wave with the oscillation wavelength is oscillated from the antenna 104. The oscillating conditions of the electromagnetic wave are the following qualitative conditions (1) and (2) that should be satisfied at the same time.

(1) The electromagnetic wave with the wavelength λ_(g) amplified in the oscillator 100 should exceed a certain threshold. In other words, an EMW gain obtained by the resonance should exceed EMW losses (including an electric power consumed in the resonator) due to the structure of the oscillator 100.

(2) The phase matching of the resonating electromagnetic wave with the wavelength λ_(g) should be achieved. Namely, the phase difference should be approximately zero.

In the structure of the first embodiment, the DC supplying portion 198 for supplying electric power to the RTD 101 and elements for supplying a signal thereto from outside are arranged on the location opposite to the surface of the substrate 112 on which the RTD 101 is arranged. Further, the penetrating electrode 102 is disposed at a place of the node of the standing wave in the EMW radiating portion 194, i.e., at a location where the amplitude of the standing electromagnetic field is approximately zero. Thereby, members necessary for the EMW radiating portion 194, such as the MSL resonator 103, are connected to the DC supplying members, such as the lower DC signal line 190, arranged on the lower surface of the substrate 112 in a DC manner through the penetrating electrode 102 formed in the substrate 112.

As a result, the DC supply to the RTD 101 can be performed with reduced influence on resonance characteristics of the standing wave, and the DC signal line and bonding electrode necessary for the DC power supply can be disposed on the lower surface of the substrate 112. Further, since the tolerance of layout on the upper surface of the substrate 112 increases, the flexibility of design of the oscillator 100 largely increases. Thus, density and integration of the oscillator 100 can be enhanced. It is hence possible to provide a small-sized high-power THz-wave source. It is also preferable to dispose the GND penetrating electrode 110 at a location of the node of the standing wave with the wavelength λ_(g). However, even when those penetrating electrodes 102 and 110 are disposed at locations slightly shifting from the above node, somewhat advantageous effect can be obtained due to the arrangement in which the EMW radiating portion and the power supplying portion are disposed on different surfaces of the substrate.

Furthermore, when the shield 113 for intercepting low-frequency electromagnetic wave is disposed in the substrate 112, or on its lower surface, noises, such as low-frequency noise from the power supplying side (i.e., the power supplying portion and the DC power source) can be intercepted or reduced. Accordingly, parasitic oscillation can be reduced, and the oscillation characteristics can be improved.

A more specific exemplified design of the oscillator 100 of the first embodiment will be described referring to FIGS. 1, 2, 3A and 3B. Specific sizes of various portions are indicated in those figures (not to scale).

The oscillator 100 of the first embodiment can be designed such that a THz wave at an oscillation frequency of 340 GHz, namely, λ=840 microns and the effective wavelength λ_(g)=570 microns, can be oscillated. The dielectric portion 107 can be formed of benzocyclobutene (BCB) with a dielectric constant ε_(r) of 2.8.

The specific structure of the radiating portion 194 will be described. The EMW radiating portion 194 can be an oscillating element of a type in which the RTD 101 is used as an active element, and the MSL patch antenna 199 is used as a passive element. The EMW radiating portion 194 can comprise RTD 101, penetrating electrode 102 a, MSL resonator 103, antenna 104, dielectric portion 107, and GND layer 106. The MSL resonator 103 can include phase stub 105, MSL 109 a, and MSL 109 b.

In the EMW radiating portion 194, the RTD 101 is used as the negative resistance element. The RTD 101 can include an active layer with a triple barrier quantum well structure including a hetero junction of InGaAs/InAlAs, and upper and lower contact layers of n⁺-InGaAs in which Si is highly doped. The structure of the active layer is as follows from the upper side of the oscillator 100: InGaAs (5.0 nm in thickness); InAlAs (2.66 nm); InGaAs (5.61 nm); InAlAs (2.66 nm); InGaAs (7.67 nm); InAlAs (2.66 nm); and InGaAs (5.0 nm). With respect of estimation of its current-voltage characteristic, −4.1 mS of the differential negative conductance (i.e., an inverse of the differential negative resistance) is confirmed.

In the MSL patch antenna 199 serving as the passive element, Au/Ti (3 kÅ/0.3 kÅ) can be used as the MSL resonator 103 and the antenna 104, a BCB with a thickness of 3 microns can be used as the dielectric portion 107, and Au/Cr (3 kÅ/0.5 kÅ) can be used as the GND layer 106. With respect to the MSL patch antenna 199, the negative conductance and the oscillation wavelength can have the above values, respectively, and the characteristic impedance can be 50 Ω. According to a calculation using the high-frequency electromagnetic field simulator, the above construction with sizes indicated in FIGS. 1, 2, 3A and 3B (not to scale) is designed such that conditions for oscillation of a THz wave at 340 GHz are satisfied.

Structures of the DC supplying portion 198 for supplying the DC signal, and the substrate 112 including the penetrating electrode 102 will now be described.

The substrate 112 can be a Si substrate whose fine processing can be readily performed using conventional semiconductor processes. In the substrate 112, there are disposed the penetrating electrodes 102 b through 102 e for the DC power supply, the GND penetrating electrodes 110 a through 110 c for the GND supply, and the shield 113 set at the GND electric potential. The shield 113 can be provided in the form of a film extending in the planar direction of the substrate 112 and set to the GND electric potential.

The penetrating electrode 102 a is connected to the penetrating electrodes 102 c, 102 d and 102 e via the penetrating electrode 102 b. Those electrodes 102 a through 102 e are further connected to the lower DC signal line 190 disposed on the lower surface of the substrate 112, and connected to the DC power source (not shown) via the DC solder ball 114 and the DC wire 119 a disposed on the installation substrate 122, and the DC bonding wire 118. The GND penetrating electrode 110 connected to the GND layer 106 is connected to a lower GND pad 116, and connected to the ground (GND) via the GND solder ball 120 and the installation GND wire 115 disposed on the installation substrate 122, and the GND bonding wire 121. The shield 113 is connected to the GND penetrating electrode 110 b, and connected to the GND. The substrate 112 can be entirely covered with an insulating layer 111 of thermally-oxidized SiO₂ to prevent the electric short circuit between the wires and electrodes, and the Si substrate 112. Sizes of the respective portions are indicated in FIGS. 1 to 3B (not to scale).

Materials of the respective portions of the penetrating electrode 102 can be as follows. The penetrating electrode 102 a can be formed of Au (3 microns in thickness). The penetrating electrode 102 b can be formed of Au/Cr (3 kÅ/0.5 kÅ). Each of the penetrating electrodes 102 c and 102 e can be formed of Cu (300 microns) The penetrating electrode 102 d can be formed of Cr/Au/Cr (0.5 kÅ/6 kÅ/0.5 kÅ). Further, materials of the respective portions of the GND penetrating electrode 110 can be as follows. Each of the GND penetrating electrodes 110 a and 110 c can be formed of Cu (300 microns). The penetrating electrode 110 b can be formed of Cr/Au/Cr (0.5 kÅ/6 kÅ/0.5 kÅ). The diameter of each electrode portion can be set to about 5 microns.

The operation of the oscillator 100 will be described. When the DC current is injected into the RTD 101 through the penetrating electrode 102, a THz wave can be inductively emitted by an energy state transition of electrons due to the resonance tunnel effect in the triple quantum well structure of the active layer. The THz wave can have a frequency of 340 GHz, and a wavelength λ in vacuum of 840 microns. The EMW gain at this time can be approximately estimated from the measured differential negative conductance of −4.1 mS. The thus-emitted THz wave at 340 GHz propagates as the standing wave with the effective wavelength λ_(g) of 570 microns in the resonator formed by the RTD 101, the MSL patch antenna 199, the dielectric portion 107, and the GND layer 106.

The RTD 101 can be activated in a photon assist manner by the THz wave propagating in the resonator, and the induced emission can be repeated. Therefore, the THz wave at the frequency of 340 GHz is oscillated from the antenna 104 at a certain threshold of DC voltage that is approximately equal to a bias voltage at which the negative differential resistance can be obtained according to the current-voltage characteristic.

In the first embodiment, the penetrating electrode 102 can be disposed at the node of the standing wave of the THz wave in the resonator, where its electromagnetic field is approximately equal to zero. The diameter of the penetrating electrode 102 can be less than λ_(g)/20. Therefore, the penetrating electrode 102 can supply the DC power to the RTD 101 under conditions that the short circuit is established in terms of DC operation, the circuit is open in terms of high frequency operation, and the presence of the penetrating electrode 102 is negligible from the standpoint of the standing wave. Thus, the THz wave at 340 GHz can be oscillated from the oscillator of this embodiment. Further, the low frequency noise (less than about several tens MHz) from the DC power source can be prevented by the grounded shield 113 that extends approximately perpendicular to the thickness direction of the substrate 112. Accordingly, parasitic oscillation and harmonics oscillation due to the above factors can be reduced, and the oscillation characteristic can be improved.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate upper and lower surfaces 300 a and 300 b of an oscillator array in which the above-discussed oscillators 100 are arranged in an array of 5*3, respectively. For the purpose of illustration, the installation substrate and so forth are omitted in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The arrangement pitch of the oscillators 100 a to 100 o and the distance between the adjacent oscillators are indicated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. For example, the shortest distance between the EMW radiating portions 194 of one oscillator and its adjacent oscillator is about 416 microns, and its layout satisfies the condition that such distance should be larger than λ_(g)/2. In FIGS. 3A and 3B, for example, the oscillator 100 h on the upper surface 300 a corresponds to the lower DC electrode pad 117 h and the lower DC wire 190 h on the lower surface 300 b. Further, lower GND pads 116 a, 116 b, 116 c and 116 d are arranged at four corners of the lower surface 300 b in a horizontally and vertically symmetrical manner, respectively.

Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 2, on the installation substrate 122, there can be arranged installation DC wires for other oscillators, for example, the installation DC wires 119 b and 119 c for the oscillators 100 b and 100 c. When the oscillators 100 of this embodiment are densely integrated in an array as described above, the oscillator array with enhanced output power can be readily achieved. Further, a small-sized THz-wave oscillator array with high output power can be provided. In those structures, high output power is obtained, for example, by synchronously oscillating the arrayed oscillators in an in-phase manner.

The fabrication technique of the oscillator 100 of this embodiment will be described. Conventional semiconductor processing techniques can be used.

(1) A first substrate for the EMW radiating portion 194 is prepared. In this embodiment, there is prepared an epitaxial substrate in which the quantum well structure of InGaAs and InAlAs for the active layer are grown on a semi-insulating InP substrate using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). A layer of Au/Cr (3 kÅ/0.3 kÅ) for a portion of the GND layer 106 is formed on the epitaxial surface of the above epitaxial substrate by a sputtering technique.

(2) Substrates 112 a and 112 b for the substrate 112 including the DC supplying portion 198 and the penetrating electrode 102 are prepared. The substrate 112 a is fabricated in the following manner. The fabrication process of the substrate 112 b is omitted since this is the same as that of the substrate 112 a.

By a Si Deep RIE technique using conventional photolithography and Bosch process, penetrating holes with a diameter of 10 microns are formed in the Si substrate. The holes are formed at locations corresponding to the positions of the penetrating electrode 102 and the GND penetrating electrode 110, respectively. Thermally oxidized SiO₂ with a thickness of 1 micron is formed on the surface of the Si substrate with the penetrating holes therein, by a thermal oxidization technique using hydrogen and oxygen. This thermally oxidized SiO₂ corresponds to the insulating layer 111.

Thereafter, the penetrating holes in the Si substrate are filled with Cu and TiN by a metal organic-chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique. Further, Cu deposited on upper and lower surfaces of the Si substrate is selectively removed by a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technique, and penetrating electrodes are thus formed in the Si substrate. Those penetrating electrodes correspond to the penetrating electrodes 102 b and 102 c, and the GND penetrating electrode 110 a, respectively.

A layer of Au/Cr (3 kÅ/0.3 kÅ) is formed on upper and lower surfaces of the Si substrate with the penetrating electrodes by the sputtering technique. The layer of Au/Cr corresponds to the GND layer 106, the shield 113, the lower DC signal line 190, and the lower GND pad 116. A desired pattern is formed by etching the layer of Au/Cr on upper and lower surfaces of the Si substrate using photolithography and Au/Cr-RIE technique. The desired pattern is, for example, an electrode pattern as illustrated on the lower surface 300 b of the oscillator array in FIG. 3B. The desired pattern is situated at locations corresponding to positions of the penetrating electrode 102, the GND electrode 110, etc.

(3) The first substrate, and substrates 112 a and 112 b are prepared. The lower surface of the substrate 112 a is caused to face the upper surface of the substrate 112 b, and their positions are aligned. Those surfaces are bonded by Au thermal pressure or solderless bonding technique. The substrate is thus fabricated. Then, the epitaxial surface of the first substrate is caused to face the upper surface of the substrate 112, and their positions are aligned. Those surfaces are bonded by Au thermal pressure or solderless bonding technique. A second substrate composed of the substrate 112 bonded to the first substrate is thus fabricated. Only the InP portion of the second substrate, i.e., the semi-insulating InP of the first substrate, is selectively removed by etching using polishing technique and wet etching technique. The InGaAs surface is thus exposed.

(4) Using EB (electron beam) drawing technique and RIE technique, the epitaxial layer composed of InGaAs/InAlAs and the like is removed to form a post corresponding to the RTD 101. Then, BCB corresponding to the dielectric portion 107 is deposited by spin-coating. An upper portion of the post corresponding to the RTD 101 is exposed by slightly removing the BCB using the RIE technique. A pattern of Au/Cr is formed by photolithography and lift-off technique. This pattern corresponds to the MSL patch antenna 199. An opening is formed in the BCB of the dielectric layer 107 by photolithography and RIE technique to expose the Au layer corresponding to the penetrating electrode 102 b.

A layer of Au (3 microns in thickness) is formed by electroplating technique to form an Au electrode corresponding to the penetrating electrode 102 a. Using photolithography and lift-off technique, a pattern of Au/Cr is formed to form the Au pattern corresponding to the MSL patch antenna 199. The second substrate is placed on the installation substrate 122 by flip-chip bonding technique, and the bonded substrates are connected to the external circuit by wire bonding technique. The oscillator 100 is thus constructed.

In the above description, Si with characteristics of high aspect and preferable fine processing capability is used as a material of the substrate 112. However, compound semiconductor substrate such as InP and GaAs, quartz, sapphire, ceramics, and the like can also be used as the substrate 112. Selection of the substrate material can be an important factor for determining the length of the resonator relevant to a desired oscillation wavelength. This material can be appropriately selected in the light of the oscillation wavelength, the fine processing capability (precision), and data of the material (dielectric constant and so forth)

Next, details of an oscillator of a second embodiment will be described referring to FIG. 4. Specific sizes of various portions of the second embodiment are indicated in FIG. 4 (not to scale). With respect to portions of upper surface, basic structure and materials of the oscillator similar to those of the first embodiment, illustration and description of the oscillator of the second embodiment are omitted.

Similar to the first embodiment, an oscillator 200 of the second embodiment is designed such that a THz wave at the oscillation frequency of 340 GHz, namely, λ=840 microns and the effective wavelength λ_(g)=570 microns, can be oscillated. The dielectric portion 107 is formed of BCB. Therefore, detailed description of the structure of the EMW radiating portion 194 is omitted.

In the second embodiment, a penetrating electrode 202 for the DC power supply, and a GND penetrating electrode 210 for connection to the GND are in the form of a circular waveguide. A substrate 212 is a Si substrate, similar to the first embodiment. In the dielectric portion 107 and the substrate 212, there are disposed penetrating electrode portions 202 a through 202 e for the DC power supply, and GND penetrating electrode portions 210 a through 210 c for the connection to the GND at predetermined locations, respectively. The penetrating electrode 202 a is connected to the penetrating electrode 202 c via the penetrating electrode 202 b.

Since the penetrating electrodes 202 c to 202 e are integrally formed in the fabrication process, they are automatically connected to each other. The penetrating electrode 202 d is connected to the lower DC signal line 190 disposed on the lower surface of the substrate 212, through the penetrating electrode 202 e. The lower DC signal line 190 and the lower DC electrode pad 117 are connected to the DC wire 119 a disposed on the installation substrate 122, via the DC solder ball 114, and connected to external apparatuses such as the DC power source (not shown), via the DC bonding wire 118.

The GND layer 106 is connected to the GND penetrating electrode 210 b via the GND penetrating electrode 210 a. The GND penetrating electrode 210 b is connected to the lower GND pad 116 disposed on the lower surface of the substrate 212, via the GND penetrating electrode 210 c. The lower GND pad 116 is connected to the installation GND wire 115 disposed on the installation substrate 122, via the GND solder ball 120, and connected to the ground (GND) via the GND bonding wire 121. The substrate 212 is entirely covered with the insulating layer 111 of thermally-oxidized SiO₂ to prevent the electric short circuit between the wires and electrodes, and the Si substrate 212. Sizes of the respective portions are indicated in FIG. 4 (not to scale).

Materials of the respective portions of the penetrating electrode 202 areas follows. The penetrating electrode 202 a is formed of Au (3 microns in thickness). The penetrating electrode 202 b is formed of Au/Cr (3 kÅ/0.5 kÅ). Each of the penetrating electrodes 202 c, 202 d and 202 e is formed of Pd (300 microns in depth, and 1 micron in thickness). Further, all materials of the respective portions 210 a, 210 b and 210 c of the GND penetrating electrode 210 are Pd (300 microns in depth, and 1 micron in thickness). Inner diameters of waveguides of the penetrating electrode 202 and the GND penetrating electrode 210 are set to about 5 microns.

The operation of the oscillator 200 of the second embodiment is similar to that of the first embodiment. In the second embodiment, the penetrating electrode has the waveguide structure, so that electromagnetic waves at low frequencies less than the cutoff frequency can be shielded. Thereby, the low frequency noise (less than about several tens MHz) from the DC power source can be intercepted. Accordingly, parasitic oscillation and harmonics oscillation due to the above factors can be prevented, and the oscillation characteristic can be improved.

The oscillator 200 can be readily fabricated by a method similar to the fabrication method of the first embodiment. In this method, Pd is formed using an electroless plating method, in place of formation of the penetrating electrodes by MOCVD.

As described above, in the second embodiment, electromagnetic waves at low frequencies less than the cutoff frequency can be intercepted by the waveguide with a cavity in the penetrating electrode, and the low frequency noise from the DC power source can be reduced, leading to improvement of the oscillation characteristic. It is also possible to enhance the shielding effect by loading the above cavity of the waveguide with resin, or the like.

Next, details of an oscillator of a third embodiment will be described referring to FIGS. 5, 6A and 6B. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the third embodiment, in which a lens substrate 501 with a curve such as a semi-sphere or an ellipsoid is placed on the oscillator. FIGS. 6A and 6B are plan views illustrating oscillators with lens structures of two types, respectively. Specific sizes of the lens substrate 501 are indicated in FIG. 5 (not to scale). Illustration and description of portions of the third embodiment similar to those of the first embodiment are omitted.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, in the oscillator 500 of the third embodiment, the semi-spherical lens substrate 501 is placed on the oscillator 100 designed such that the THz wave at the frequency of 340 GHz can be oscillated as described in the first embodiment. The radius of the semi-spherical lens portion is 10 mm, and the thickness of its substrate is 100 microns. FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate two arrangements of the lens substrate. In the structure of FIG. 6A, an array of micro-lenses 601 are disposed at the same pitch as that of an array of oscillators 300. In the structure of FIG. 6B, a single silicon semi-spherical lens 602 is disposed on the array of oscillators 300.

In the third embodiment, the lens substrate 501 is formed of resin of cycloolefin group that has a relatively small dielectric loss for a THz wave, and an excellent processing capability. The lens substrate 501 is produced by molding technique using a conventional metal mold for fine process machining. A material with a small loss for the THz wave is preferable as the lens material that is selected in the light of the lens profile and the processing capability. Inorganic materials, such as silicon, ceramics, and glass, organic materials, such as polyethylene and Teflon (trade mark), and the like can also be used.

The lens substrate 501 is connected to the oscillator 100 through a spacer 502. In this embodiment, the spacer 502 is a double-stick adhesive tape made of polyethylene telephthalate (PET) that has a high processing capability, and is 100 microns in thickness. After the substrate of the oscillator 100 and the lens substrate 501 are aligned to the spacer 502, they are subjected to thermal solderless bonding at 80 degrees Celsius. The spacer 502 serves as a spacer layer for determining the distance between the upper surface of the substrate of the oscillator 100 and the lens substrate 501, as well as a physical connecting layer. By regulating the plate thickness of the spacer 502, the coupling efficiency of an electromagnetic wave generated from the oscillator 100 to the lens substrate 501 can be optimized.

As another material of the spacer 502, it is possible to use silicon that has an excellent capability of controlling the above plate thickness. In this case, an adhesive resin is used, and the device is fabricated by a die bonding technique. Further, when the spacer 502 is made of an epoxy adhesive or the like, the lens substrate 501 can be directly bonded.

In the EMW oscillator with the arrangement of the penetrating electrode for the DC power supply, there is no need of arranging members for the power supply on the upper surface of the oscillator. Therefore, as described above, the lens substrate 501 can be placed on the upper surface of the oscillator 100. Accordingly, an electromagnetic wave radiated from the oscillator 100 can be coupled to the curved lens, such as the semi-spherical lens and the ellipsoidal lens, be shaped, and be efficiently picked out.

Except as otherwise disclosed herein, the various components shown in outline or in block form in the figures are individually well-known and their internal construction and operation are not critical either to the making or using of the present invention or to a description of the best mode of the invention.

While the present invention has been described with respect to what is presently considered to be the embodiments and examples, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments and examples. The present invention is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and the scope of the appended claims.

This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-150924, filed May 31, 2006, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-349233, filed Dec. 26, 2006, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 

1. An oscillator for emitting an electromagnetic wave, the oscillator comprising: a substrate, the substrate having a first surface, and a second surface extending on a side opposite to a side on which the first surface extends; an electromagnetic-wave oscillating unit, the oscillating unit being disposed on the first surface of the substrate, and including a gain portion, an electromagnetic-wave resonance portion, an electromagnetic-wave radiating portion, and a ground portion for regulating a predetermined reference electric potential for the gain portion, the electromagnetic-wave resonance portion, and the electromagnetic-wave radiating portion; a supplying unit, disposed on the second surface of the substrate, for supplying electric power to the electromagnetic-wave oscillating unit; and a penetrating electrode for electrically connecting the electromagnetic-wave oscillating unit and the supplying unit, the penetrating electrode being formed in the substrate.
 2. The oscillator according to claim 1, wherein the penetrating electrode is disposed at a node of a standing wave of an electromagnetic field resonating in the electromagnetic-wave oscillating unit.
 3. The oscillator according to claim 1, wherein the gain portion comprises a negative resistance element.
 4. The oscillator according to claim 3, wherein the negative resistance element comprises a resonance tunnel diode.
 5. The oscillator according to claim 1, wherein the penetrating electrode comprises a waveguide with an inner cavity.
 6. The oscillator according to claim 1, further comprising a low-frequency shield for intercepting low-frequency noises, the low-frequency shield being disposed in the substrate, or on the second surface of the substrate.
 7. The oscillator according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the oscillators are arranged in an array.
 8. The oscillator according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic wave is a terahertz (THz) wave.
 9. The oscillator according to claim 1, further comprising a lens substrate with a curved surface for shaping a beam of the electromagnetic wave radiated from the electromagnetic-wave radiating portion, the lens substrate being placed on the first surface of the substrate. 